Page 276 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

b. Raised (active subject)
दशVक लोग ओके खेल के जीतल कहल; ।

dʌrsʌk loɡ oke kʰel ke jitʌl kʌɦlẽ
dʌrsʌk loɡ oɦ-ke kʰel ke jit-ʌl kʌɦ-ʌl-ẽ

spectator PL 3SG-DAT game ACC win-PP say-PP-3.PST.MH
'The spectators declared him to have won the game.'

c. Raised (passiseve subject)
दशVक लोग खेल के ओकर जीतल कहल; ।

dʌrsʌk kʰel ke okʌr jitʌl kʌɦlẽ

dʌrsʌk kʰel ke okʌr jit-ʌl kʌɦ-ʌl-ẽ
spectator PL game ACC 3sg.gen say-PP-3.PST.MH
'The spectators declared game to have been won (by him)'

In examples (30a-c), the object of the main clause and subject of the
subordinate clause is raised in (30b) and (30c).

g) Zero anaphora in chained clauses and grammatical relations
"The use of zero anaphora as a pronominal device to mark co-reference in

clause-chaining is confined in English to the subject GR" (Givón 2001a:182). It
happens in the conjoined or adjacent independent clauses that share co-referential

arguments. It is a pronominal device to mark co-reference in clause-chaining,
confined to the subject grammatical relation in Bhojpuri. The zero in a chained
(conjoined) clause could only be governed by the subject of the preceding clause as in
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(31a), not by its object as in (31b) in Bhojpuri:
(31) a. बु.ढ़आ ओके पकड़के धोकरी म; कस लेली आ चल देली ।

pʌkʌɽke d ̤ okʌri mẽ kʌs
buɽ ̊ iɑ i oke j
buɽ ̊ iɑ u-ke pʌkʌɽ-ke d ̤ okʌri mẽ kʌs

old woman 3SG-ACC catch-SEQ bag LOC place and tighten

leli ɑ ø i cʌl deli
le-ʌl-i ɑ cʌl de-ʌl-i
take-PP-3SG.PST.F.MH and walk give-PP-3SG.PST.F.MH

'The old woman pulled him down, tightened him in the bag and went.' (05.039)

b. *बु.ढ़आ ओके पकड़के धोकरी म; कस लेली आ चल देलख ।

4. The same pattern is observed in Bhujel (Regmi 2014:150) and Dhimal (Khatiwada 2016: 87-8),
though both are Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in Nepal.
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