Page 275 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

subject of both clauses. In English manipulation verbs (force, make, tell), on the other
hand, are relevant to the subject of the complement and object of the main clause.

In Bhojpuri, as in English sentence, 'she told him (ø) to leave' the human object of
manipulative verbs is direct object, so the equi can be formulated in terms of the
subject of the complement and the direct object of the main clause, as in (29a-b):

(29) a. बु.ढ़आ फे र कहली िपTी िगरावेके ।

buɽ ̊ iɑ pʰer kʌɦli piʈʈʰi ɡirɑweke

buɽ ̊ iɑ i pʰer kʌɦ-ʌl-i [ø i piʈʈʰi ɡir-ɑ-e-ke]
old woman again say-PP-3SG.PST.F.MH cake fall-CAUS-PUR-SEQ
'The old woman again told him to let a cake fall down.' (05.033)

b. बु.ढ़आ नोकर के काम पर लगा देली ।
buɽ ̊ iɑ nokʌr ke kɑm pʌr lʌɡɑ deli

buɽ ̊ iɑ i nokʌr ke [ø i kɑm pʌr lʌɡ-ɑ] de-ʌl-i
old woman servant ACC work LOC join-CAUS give-PP-3SG.F.MH

'The old woman employed the servant on work.' (05.038)
In example (29a), the equi-NP of the manipulation verb कह /kʌɦ/ 'tell' is co-

referential with the subject of the complement and the object of the main clause.

Similarly in (29b), the equi-NP of the manipulation verb लगा /lʌɡɑ/ 'employ' is co-
referential with the subject of the complement clause and object of the main clause.

f) Raising
Similar to English (Givón, 2001a:184), Bhojpuri has the syntactic arrangement

governed by both the object of the main clause and the subject of the subordinate one,
as shown in (30):
(30) a. Unraised

दशVक लोग कहल; जे ऊ खेल जीत लेलस ।

dʌrsʌk loɡ kʌɦlẽ je u kʰel jit
dʌrsʌk loɡ kʌɦ-ʌl-ẽ je u kʰel jit

spectator PL say-PP-3.PST.MH COMP 3SG.NOM game win

lelʌs
le-ʌl-ʌs
take-PP-3SG.PST
'The spectators declared that he won the game.'

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