Page 271 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

book' as the DO in (22a) as well as the word-order (pre-verbial, verb-adjacent) and
case-marking (postposition के /ke/), clearly tag राधा /rɑd ̤ ɑ/ 'Radha' as the IO in (22b).

The variation between (22a) and (22b), taken as a 'grammatical process', is
called promotion of IO to DO or dative-shifting. It demonstrates that the dative IO in

(22a) is 'promoted into the DO' in (22b). Thus, this process is clearly governed by the
GR direct-object (or its absence) and it cannot be defined or described without

referring to the DO.
b) Passivization

As Chitoniya Tharu (Paudyal 2013:339), Maithili (Yadav 1996:211), Hindi
(Koul 2008:121) and Nepali (Adhikari 2016:283) display, passivization is one of the

behaviour-and-control properties in Bhojpuri. Let us consider the following passive
clauses derived from (23a-b) in (24a-b).

(24) a. हमरा से राधा के .कताब .दआइल ।
ɦʌmrɑ se rɑd ̤ ɑ ke kitɑb diɑil

ɦʌm-ʌr-ɑ se rɑd ̤ ɑ ke kitɑb de-ɑ-il
1SG-GEN-DEF by Radha DAT book give-CAUS-3SG.PST

'A book was given my be to Radha.'
b. हमरा से .कताब राधा के .दआइल

ɦʌmrɑ se kitɑb rɑd̤ ɑ ke diɑil
ɦʌm-ʌr-ɑ se kitɑb rɑd ̤ ɑ ke de-ɑ-il

1SG-GEN-DEF by book Radha DAT give-CAUS-3SG.PST
'Radha was given a book by me.'

Out of the construction (23a), only .कताब /kitɑb/ 'a book' can be made the

subject of the passive (24a), but not राधा /rɑd ̤ ɑ/ 'Radha'. Similarly, out of the

construction (23b), only राधा /rɑd ̤ ɑ/ 'Radha' (DO) can be made the subject of the
passive (24b), but not .कताब /kitɑb/ 'a book'.

Moreover, as displayed in Maithili (Yadav 1996:211), Hindi (Koul 2008:121)
and Nepali (Adhikari 2016:284), unlike in English (Givón, 2001a:179), the other IO

types also can be made subject of passive in Bhojpuri, as shown in (25a-b).
(25) a. ऊ गुF .कहाँ जाला ...।

u ɡuru kiɦɑ ̃ jɑlɑ

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