Page 389 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

̈
mʌusʌm ʈʰʌnɖɑ bɑ ɑj kʰirɑ nɑ kʰɑĩ
̈
mʌusʌm ʈʰʌnɖɑ bɑ ɑj kʰirɑ nɑ kʰɑ-ĩ
weather cold be.3SG.PRES today cucumber NEG eat-HORT
'The weather is cold. Let's not eat cucumber today.'

b. आज घरे ना चल3 ।

ɑj ɡ ̈ ʌre nɑ cʌlĩ
ɑj ɡ ̈ ʌr-e nɑ cʌl-ĩ

today house-LOC NEG walk-HORT

'Let's not go home today.'
Non-declarative speech acts such as optative and negation have already been
examined in Chapter 9.

11.3 De-transitive voice
The functional domain of de-transitive voice is coded, in any particular

language, by a family of syntactic constructions whose number and functional
distribution may vary considerably form one language to the next. The most universal
aspects of de-transitive voice remain its underlying functional sub-domains of reflexive,

reciprocal, middle-voice and adjectival-resultative semantically (Givón, 2001b:91).
Such primarily-semantic de-transitive voice constructions are those that

tamper with transitivity in terms of these three semantic parameters: decreased
agentivity of the agent/subject, decreased affectedness of the patient/object and

decreased telicity or perfectivity of the verb (Givón, 2001b: 92).
In case of Bhojpuri, the primarily semantic sub-domains of the de-transitive

voice are reflexive and reciprocal described as follows:
11.3.1 Reflexive
The subject and object of the event or state, regardless of their semantic roles,

are co-referent, i.e., the subject acts upon (or relates to) itself (Givón, 2001b: 95). That
is why reflexive clauses need not be transitive, neither semantically nor syntactically.

As Chitoniya Tharu (Paudyal 2013:143), Maithili (Yadav 1996:121), Awadhi
(Saksena 1937/1971:198), Hindi (Koul 2008:184) and Nepali (Adhikari 2016:47-8)

exhibit reflexive in similar way to a greater extent, there are two free morphemes: the
अपने /ʌpne/, the full honorific second person pronominal subject, or खुद /kʰud/ 'self' in

Bhojpuri to denote reflexive clauses, as shown in (25a-d):

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