Page 384 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

11.2 Manipulative speech acts
Givόn (2001b:311) considers manipulative speech acts as the verbal acts by

which the speaker attempts to get the hearer to act. Givón (2011:305) further states
divergence of the manipulative speech acts in terms of the relative power, authority or
social position claimed by the speaker vis-a-vis hearer, and that the higher the

speaker's position is vis-a-vis the hearer, the more direct or less polite the
manipulative speech-act is. The imperative, hortative and optative are the

manipulative speech acts found in Bhojpuri, being discussed as follows:
11.2.1 Imperative

As Givón (2001b:305) mentions, the bare-stem form of the verb serves as the
most direct, least polite, mperative speech-act, often with the last stem-vowel silenced.

As attested in Chitoniya Tharu (Paudyal 2013:209), Awadhi (Saksena 1937/1971:268),
Maithili (Yadav 1996:285), Hindi (Koul 2008:255) and Nepali (Upadhyay 2010:105
and Adhikari 2016:211) to a greater extent, Bhojpuri meets the criteria in similar way

(Nirbhik 1975:128, Tripathy 1987:261, Shrivastava 1999:111, Sharma and Ashk
2007:73, Thakur 2011:148 and Singh 2013:162). Regarding the subject-manipulee,

always a second person singular or plural (i.e. the hearer), is generally expressed by a
pronoun but not essential.

(15) a. ए बबुआ, एगो िपUी तोड़ ।

e bʌbuɑ eɡo piʈʈʰi toɽ
e bʌbuɑ ek-ɡo piʈʈʰi toɽ
ADD boy one-CLF cake pluck.IMP

'O my child, pluck a cake.' (05.010)

b. उठऽ हे मुहझYसी !
uʈʰʌ ɦe muɦȷ ̈ ʌũsi
uʈʰ-ʌ ɦe muɦȷ ̈ ʌũs-i

wake-IMP.MH VOC burnt-faced-F
'Wake up my burned-faced darling!' (11.025)

c. ... अपने छठ के देख3 ।

ʌpne cʰʌʈʰ ke dekʰĩ
ʌpne cʰʌʈʰ ke dekʰ-ĩ

2SG.H Chhath ACC see-IMP.H
'Please (you) look at the Chhath festival.' (03.352)

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