Page 470 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

kisɑn soc-ʌl-ʌkʰ ɦo-e nɑ ɦo-e i tʌ
peasant think-PP-3.PST be-3.PST NEG be-3.PST PROX COND

sɑ ̃ ɽ ̊ e ke kʰũɽɑri buȷ ̈ ɑtɑ ʈʰik
sɑ ̃ ɽ ̊ -e ke kʰũɽɑri buȷ ̈ -ɑ-ʌt bɑ ʈʰik

bull-EMPH GEN footsteps understand-PASS-IMPF 3SG.PRES right

bɑ oke piʈke belɑweke pʌrʌl
bɑ u-ke piʈ-ke belɑ-ew-ke pʌr-ʌl
be.3SG.PRES 3SG-ACC beat-SEQ drive away-PUR-OBL fall-3SG.PST

'The farmer thought, "Much probably, they are the footsteps of a bullock.
Well, it must be driven back with beating."' (13.076)

Propositional attitudes may also be expressed as noun complementation, the
general structure remaining the same, as shown in (7).
(7) एने छोटकु जइसही ओह आदमी के देखलक, एकरा बुझाइल, ‘हमरा भाई के कहल कुिछयो

कुिछयो इहे ना त ह ?’
ene cʰoʈku jʌisʌɦi oɦ ɑdmi ke dekʰlʌk

ene cʰoʈ-ku jʌise-ɦi oɦ ɑdmi ke dekʰ-ʌl-ʌkʰ
this side small-DET as fast as-EMPH DIST man DAT see-PP-3.PST

ekʌrɑ buȷ ̈ ɑil ɦʌmrɑ b ̤ ɑi ke
e-ʌr-ɑ buȷ ̈ -ɑ-il ɦʌm-ʌr-ɑ b ̤ ɑi ke
PROX-GEN-DAT understand-PASS-3.PST 1SG-GEN-DEF brother GEN

kʌɦʌl kucʰio kucʰio iɦe nɑ tʌ
kʌɦ-ʌl kucʰ-io kucʰ-io i-e nɑ tʌ
say-PP something-EMPH something-EMPH this-EMPH NEG COND

ɦʌ
ɦʌ

be.3SG.PRES
'Hence, as soon as the younger saw him, he thought, "Something what my

elder brother told is this one only."' (10.057)
b) Commentative predicates

Commentative (or factive) predicates provide a comment on a complement
proposition that is assumed to be real (Noonan, 1985:117). As the complement often
occurs as reported discourse and there is probably some overlap, the distinction

between these and utterance predicates is not always very obvious. Typically, the

442