Page 360 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

u bilɑi nɑ rɑkʰ-e
3SG.NOM cat NEG keep-3.PRES

'He doesn't keep a cat.' (13.044)
The vast majority of verbs, no matter, carry an inherently realis modality, it is
more economical to list the relatively few lexical verbs with irrealis, negation, or

presupposition scope, such as:

(i) Inherent irrealis verbs
चाह /cɑɦ/ 'want', खोज /kʰoj/ 'search', सपना /sʌpnɑ/ 'dream of', मान /mɑn/ 'suppose',
पितया /pʌtiɑ/ 'believẽ in', सोच /soc/ 'think of'

(ii) Inherent negative verbs
छुट /cʰuʈ/ 'lack', गवाँ /ɡʌwã/ 'miss,' इनकार /inkɑr/ 'refuse', िगर /ɡir/ 'decline'

(iii)Inherent presupposition verbs
जान /jɑn/ 'know', िबसर /bisʌr/ 'forget', दुःख /dukʰ/ 'regret'

b) Modality and tense-aspect
The reference test, when applied to tense-aspect, establishes the following

correlations between modality and tense-aspect in Bhojpuri as in Table 10.11.
Table 10.11 Distribution of modality in tense-aspect

modality tense aspect
fact past perfective

present perfect
progressive

non-fact future habitual
progressive

In more concreate way epistemic modality in Bhojpuri can be subcategorized
as follows: probability, evidentiality, certainty and negation.

(i) Probability
The main function of this modality is to indicate that the situation described in
the proposition is probably true. It may occur with any of the tenses.

(15) a. आज त >दनभर अपने लोग राखी के गीत सुनले होखेम ।

ɑj tʌ dinb ̤ ʌr ʌpne loɡ rɑkʰi ke ɡit
ɑj tʌ din-b ̤ ʌr ʌpne loɡ rɑkʰi ke ɡit
today COND day-fill 2SG.H PL Raxabandhan GEN song

332