Page 358 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

ɦʌm b ̤ ojpuri ke cʰɔ ɡo rup nepɑl mẽ
ɦʌm b ̤ ojpuri ke cʰɔ ɡo rup nepɑl mẽ

1SG.NOM Bhojpuri GEN six CLF form Nepal LOC

dekʰle bɑni
dekʰ-ʌl-e bɑni
see-PP-SEQ be.PRES.H

'I have seen six varieties of Bhojpuri in Nepal.' (03.163)
d. भोजपुKरया समाज ओइसन भी कहले बा ।

b ̤ ojpuriɑ sʌmɑj oisʌn b ̤ i kʌɦle bɑ
b ̤ ojpuri-ɑ sʌmɑj oisʌn b ̤ i kʌɦ-ʌl-e bɑ

Bhojpuri-DEF society like that also say-PP-SEQ be.3SG.PRES
'Bhojpuri society has said this too.' (03.197)

e. उहाँके एगो >कताब िलखले बानी ।

uɦɑ ̃ ke eɡo kitɑb likʰle bɑni
uɦɑ ̃ -ke ek-ɡo kitɑb likʰ-ʌl-e bɑni
there-SPEC one-CLF book write-PP-SEQ be.PRES.H

'He has written a book.' (04.104)
10.3 Modality

The modality codes the speaker's attitute toward proposition, primarily two
types of judgement made by the speaker concerning the propositional information
carried in the clause: epistemic and evaluative (Givón, 2001a:300).

It is indicated by special grammatical marking system in the verb, which
interacts with any tenses. As discussed in Chitoniya Tharu (Paudyal 2013:219), the

two modalities can further be subcategorized. Epistemic modality covers truth,
probability, certainty, belief and evidence; whereas, evaluative modality covers

desirability, preference, intent, ability, obligation and manipulation. But they are not
mutually exclusive, so, they intersect in highly specific ways.

10.3.1 Epistemic modality
Epistemic modality has its scope over the whole proposition and deals with the
truth-value of that proposition (Butler, 2003:969). It codes the semantic levels such as

truth, degree of probability, certainty, evidence, belief, etc. Traditionally, there are
four epistemic modalities: presupposition, realis assertion, irrealis assertion and

negative assertion. When a proposition is taken for granted to be true and left

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