Page 362 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

rɑt mẽ lʌikʌn sut ɡʌilʌn
rɑt mẽ lʌikʌn sut jɑ-il-ʌn

night LOC children sleep go-PP.3PL.PST
'The children slept at night (the parents assumed).' (010.009)
As exemplified in (16a-b), the speaker has expressed direct experience of the

translation of मधुशाला /mad ̤ usɑlɑ/ 'bar' in (16a) but such evidence is not found in

(16b) of sleeping of the children at night.
(iii) Certainty

Certainty denotes that the speaker is emphasizing that the proposition is true.
In Bhojpuri, the certainty is marked by -बे -be with the verb stem as shown in (17a-b).

(17) a. सपना त हम भोजपुरी म& देखबे करेनी ।

sʌpnɑ tʌ ɦʌm b ̤ ojpuri mẽ dekʰʌbe kʌreni
sʌpnɑ tʌ ɦʌm b ̤ ojpuri mẽ dekʰ-ʌb-e kʌr-eni

dream COND 1SG.NOM Bhojpuri LOC see-INF-EMPH do-PRES.H

'The dream I certainly entertain in Bhojpuri.' (03.041)
b. जब पKरवार म& सभे बिहरे बा त कुछ गड़बड़ त होखबे करी ।

jʌb pʌriwɑr mẽ sʌb ̤ e bʌɦire bɑ tʌ
jʌb pʌriwɑr mẽ sʌb ̤ -e bʌɦir-e bɑ tʌ
when family LOC all-EMPH deaf-EMPH be.3.PRES COND

kucʰ ɡʌɽbʌɽ tʌ ɦokʰʌbe kʌri
kucʰ ɡʌɽbʌɽ tʌ ɦokʰ-ʌb-e kʌr-i
something wrong COND be-INF-EMPH do-3SG.FUT
'If all of the family members are deaf and dumb, certainly some disorders

are expected to happen.' (10.028)

In examples (17a-b) the verb कर /kʌr/ is placed to perform its grammaticalized
function of certainty following emphasized form of the main verb.

(iv) Negation
Negation is a process or construction in grammatical and semantic analysis
which typically expresses the contradiction of some or all of a sentence's meaning

(Crystal, 2003:310). In Bhojpuri, मत /mʌt/ and ना /nɑ/ are the negation particles that

precede the verb to negativize the clause or sentences. Moreover, मत /mʌt/ precedes

the verb in imperative sentence, while ना /nɑ/ with all other cases, also used by Great

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