Page 213 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

eso tʌ ujʌre ujʌre
eso tʌ ujʌr-e ujʌr-e

this year COND white-EMPH white-IMPH
'This year will completely be white!' (Weather forecast of heavy rain or
famine.)

g. कामे ना आइल से उफरे परो !

kɑme nɑ ɑil se upʰʌre pʌro
kɑm-e nɑ ɑ-il se upʰʌr-e pʌr-o
use-CLT NEG come-3SG.PST that die of falling-EMPH lie-OPT

'May s/he die who didn't help in need!'

h. ए जीनगी से मरले िनमन !
e jinɡi se mʌrʌle nimʌn
e jinɡi se mʌr-ʌl-e nimʌn

PROX life than die-PP-EMPH good
'Death is better than this life!' (A pessimistic exclamation)

6.2.9 Clitics
In a number of languages, clitics, occurred as bound morphemes are generally

treated as an acategorematic as they do not readily fit into a standard description of
'parts of speech' (Yadav 1991:123).

Zwicky and Pullum (1983:502-13) lists some criteria to differentiate clitics
and inflectional affixes. Likewise Zwicky (1985:283-305) proposes some tests to
distinguish clitics from particles. As displayed in Chitoniya Tharu (2013:161-6) and

Maithili (Yadav 1991:123-32), clitics are examined in Bhojpuri on such parameters
and tests as follows:

Bhojpuri displays clitics -ए /-e/, -ओ /-o/, -हे /-ɦe/, -हो /-ɦo/, -ही /-ɦi/ and -f
/-ɦu/ among which -ए /-e/ is multifunctional as it has been obtained from different

sources under process of grammaticalization, including case marker postpositions
7
such as instrumental case marker से /se/, locative case marker म) /mẽ/ among others .
According to Hopper and Traugott (2003:7) a content item passes through the
following stages under grammaticalization:
content item> grammatical word> clitic > inflectional affix

7. Thakur (2013) has examined -ए /-e/ as a multifunctional clitic in detail.
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