Page 215 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

(iii) Instrumental case: ारा /dwɑrɑ/ > से /se/ > -ए /-e/ 'by/with', as shown in (103).

(103) Instrumental
हाथ) छुअ ।(७)

ɦɑtʰẽ cʰuʌ
ɦɑtʰ-e cʰu-ʌ

hand-INST touch-3SG.PRES
th
'Something is touched by hand.' (Dāmodara 1953:6, 12 Century)
The rest of the clitics are used only for emphasis. In emphatic environments,

-ए /-e/, -हे /-ɦe/ and -ही /-ɦi/ are exclusive as well as -ओ /-o/, -हो /-ɦo/ and -f /-ɦu/ are

inclusive. Diachronically, the exclusive emphatic एव /ewʌ/ 'only' in Sanskrit seems to

have been grammaticalized into -ए /-e/ the inclusive emphatic अिप /ʌpi/ 'also' in

Sanskrit seems to bave grammaticalized into -ओ /-o/. in Bhojpuri. The emphatic
clitics in Bhojpuri has been discussed as follows:

a) The exclusive emphatic -ए /-e/

(104) a. रामे एसो पास करी ।

rɑme eso pɑs kʌri
rɑm-e eso pɑs kʌr-i
Rem-emph this year pass do-3.FUT

'Only Ram will pass (the exam) this year.' (Thakur 2013:77)
b. रउए भात खा‚, हम ना खाएम ।

rʌue b ̤ ɑt kʰɑĩ ɦʌm nɑ kʰɑem

rʌuɑ-e b ̤ ɑt kʰɑ-ĩ ɦʌm nɑ kʰɑ-em
2SG.H-EMPH boiled rice eat-IMP.H 1SG.NOM NEG eat-FUT.H
'Please eat rice, I won't eat.' (13.047)

c. बाबुजी भुखले चल अइनी ।

bɑbuji b ̤ ukʰle cʌl ʌini
bɑbu-ji b ̤ ukʰ-ʌl-e cʌl ɑ-ini

father-H hunger-INF-EMPH walk come-PST.H
'Father returned hungry.' (Thakur 2013:77)

d. तू नीचे बइठ ।
tu nice bʌiʈʰ

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