Page 196 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

6.1.4 Adverbs
Payne (1997:69) exhibits adverb as "a 'catch-all' category, i.e., any word with

semantic content (i.e., other than grammatical particles) that is not clearly a noun, a
verb, or an adjective is often put into the class of adverb". Givón (2001:87) terms it as
the least homogenious of the four lexical word-classes, semantically, morphologically

and syntactically. Therefore, adverbs cover an extremely wide range of concepts. As
Chitoniya Tharu (Paudyal 2013:244), Maithili (Yadav 1996:241), Awadhi (Saksena

1937/1971:301), Hindi (Koul 2008:130) and Nepali (Adhikari 2016:82) exhibit, some
of more common types of adverbs in Bhojpuri are as follows:

a) Manner adverbs
"Manner adverbs typically modify, or add to, the meaning of the verb.

Semantic range of such modification is wide and heterogeneous, depending on the
specific meaning of ghe verb" (Givón 2001: 88). Some typical manner adverbs in
Bhojpuri are given in (68a-b):

(68) a. समय एकदम तेज जा रहल बा ।

sʌmɛ ekdʌm tej jɑ rʌɦʌl bɑ
sʌmɛ ekdʌm tej jɑ rʌɦ-ʌl bɑ

time excessively fast go live-INF be.3SG.PRES
'Time is fleeting so quickly.' (03.383)

b. धीरे हाँकऽ, पुल खराब बा ।
d ̤ ire ɦɑ ̃ kʌ pul kʰʌrɑb bɑ

d ̤ ire ɦɑ ̃ k-ʌ pul kʰʌrɑb bɑ
slowly drive-IMP.MH bridge damaged be.3SG.PRES

'Drive slow, the bridge is damaged.' (09.038)
In (67a-b), एकदम /ekdʌm/ 'excessively', तेज /tej/ 'fast' and धीरे /d ̤ ire/ 'slowly'

are the manner adverbs. The other manner adverbs in Bhojpuri are अकXमात /ʌkʌsmɑt/

'suddenly', िनरंतर /nirʌntʌr/ 'incessantly', जइसन /jʌisʌn/ 'as', तइसन /tʌisʌn/ 'so', िबरथा

/birtʰɑ/ 'in vain', अनायास /ʌnɑyɑs/ or अनचेतले /ʌncetle/ 'accidently' and so on.

b) Instrumental adverb
It is very much difficult to set up a firm boundary between manner and instrumental
adverbs. Givón (2001a:90) terms it "as more abstract manner but a metaphoric extension of

the more concrete instrument", as shown in (69a-b) available in Bhojpuri.

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