Page 197 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

(69) a. िबआ हाँथे उखाड़ ।

biɑ ɦɑ ̃ tʰe ukʰʌɽ
biɑ ɦɑ ̃ tʰ-e ukʰɑɽ
seedlings hand-CLT uproot.IMP.NH

'Uproot the seedlings by hand.' (Thakur, 2013: 80)

b. ऊ ओके च^कु से मारलख ।
u oke cʌkku se mɑrlʌkʰ

u oɦ-ke cʌkku se mɑr-ʌl-ʌkʰ
3SG.NOM 3SG-ACC knife INS kill-PP-3SG.PST

'He killed him with a knife.'
In example (69a-b) हाँथे /ɦɑtʰe/ 'by hand' and च^कु से /cʌkku se/ 'with a knife'
̃
3
are the adverbial phrase in which clitic -ए /-e/ and instrumental case marker से /se/
'with or by' characterize the nouns they mark as instrumental adverbs too.
c) Time adverbs
"As adverbs may also code a point in time, or various temporal aspects of

events, their semantic scope is thus not the verb alone, but rather the entire event-
clause (proposition)" (Givόn 2001a:91). Some of the time adverbs in Bhojpuri are

listed in (70a-b):
(70) a. नागा, ऊ लोग अब गाँव म) कबोकाल आवेलन ।

nɑɡɑ u loɡ ʌb ɡɑ ̃ o mẽ kʌbokɑl

nɑɡɑ u loɡ ʌb ɡɑ ̃ o mẽ kʌbokɑl
hermit 3SG.DIST.NOM PL now village LOC seldom

ɑwelʌn
ɑ-e-ʌl-ʌn
come-PRES-INF-3.H

'Hermits, they seldom come in villages nowadays.' (09.029)
b. का हरदम भाई भाई कइले रहेलु ?

kɑ ɦʌrdʌm b ̤ ɑi b ̤ ɑi kʌile

kɑ ɦʌrdʌm b ̤ ɑi b ̤ ɑi kʌr-il-e
what all the time brother brother do-INF-SEQ

rʌɦelu

3. Clitics are discussed in Section 6.2 in detail.
169