Page 544 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

14.3.2 Unstressed anaphoric pronouns
Like anaphoric zero, the unstressed anaphoric pronouns are also in the context

of maximal referential continuity. The antecedents of such pronouns are found in the
immediately preceding clauses. Consider the following examples:

(11) a. लइका जइसही िपSी देवे तिनका नीचा उतरके लभल,
lʌikɑ jʌisʌɦi piʈʈʰi dewe tʌnikɑ nicɑ utʌrke

lʌikɑ jʌise-ɦi piʈʈʰi de-we tʌnikɑ nicɑ utʌr-ke
boy as fast as-EMPH cake give-PUR little down descend-SEQ

lʌb ̤ ʌl
lʌb ̤ -ʌl

bow-3SG.PST
'As the boy climbed down a little and bowed to give her the cake,' (05.019)

b. बु*ढ़आ ओके पकड़के धोकरी म1 कस लेली आ घरे चल देली ।

buɽ ̊ iɑ oke pʌkʌɽke d ̤ okʌri mẽ kʌs
buɽ ̊ iɑ u-e pʌkʌɽ-ke d ̤ okʌri mẽ kʌs
old-F-DEF 3SG-ACC grab-SEQ bag LOC place and tighten

leli ɑ ɡ ̈ ʌre cʌl deli

le-ʌl-i ɑ ɡ ̈ ʌr-e cʌl de-ʌl-i
take-PP-3.PST.F.MH and house-LOC walk give-PP-3.PST.F.MH
'The old woman pulled him down, tightened him in a bag and went home.' (05.019)

The unstressed anaphoric third person pronoun ओके oke in (11b) is co-referent to

लइका lʌika 'boy', which is in (11a), the immediately preceding clause. In (11b) the choice
of the anaphoric pronoun rather than an anaphoric zero is prompted by the clause-rank

discontinuity, viz., subordinate-main clause switch. Such choice may also be prompted by
the thematic discontinuity (i.e., end of the clause chain) and grammatical-role

discontinuity (i.e., subject-object switch) in a language (Givón, 2001a:418).
14.3.3 Stressed independent pronouns

Zero anaphora and independent pronouns are used in the contexts of maximal
referential continuity whereas the stressed independent pronouns are used in the

contexts of referential discontinuity. The stressed independent pronouns are used
when there is potential ambiguity because of the occurrence of two or more referents
of the equal rank.

(12) a. बाबुजी मेहमान के खाए बोलइनी ।

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