Page 483 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

down, seat' from बइठ /bʌiʈʰ/ 'sit down', लटका /lʌʈkɑ/ 'hang (something)' from लटक /lʌʈʌk/

'hang (by itself)'; or in the form of indirect causation such as िपआ /piɑ/ 'have (someone)

drink' from िप /pi/ 'drink', कहवा /kʌɦwɑ/ 'have (someone) tell' from कह /kʌɦ/ 'tell' and

मरवा /mʌrwɑ/ 'have (someone) kill' from मार /mɑr/ 'kill', as shown in (25a-d).
(25) a. हमरा के बइठा देहले ऊ िसिडयो साहेब ।

ɦʌmrɑ ke bʌiʈʰɑ deɦlẽ u siɖio sɑɦeb

ɦʌm-ʌr-ɑ ke bʌiʈʰ-ɑ de-ʌl-ẽ u siɖio sɑɦeb
1SG-GEN-SPEC ACC sit-CAUS give-PP-3.PST.MH DIST CDO sir
'The CDO detained me there.' (04.075)

b. राणा लोग िवGोिहअन के फाँसी लटका देत रहे ।

rɑnɑ loɡ bidroɦiʌn ke pʰɑ ̃ si lʌʈkɑ det
rɑnɑ loɡ bidroɦi-ʌn ke pʰɑ ̃ si lʌʈʌk-ɑ de-ʌt
Rana PL rebel-PL ACC execution hang-CAUS give-IMPF

rʌɦe
rʌɦ-e
live-3.PST
'Ranas used to hang the rebels.' (13.091)

c. 0हरी अिभयुv से सबकुछ कहवा लेलख ।

prʌɦʌri ʌb ̤ iyukt se sʌbkucʰ kʌɦwɑ lelʌkʰ
prʌɦʌri ʌb ̤ iyukt se sʌbkucʰ kʌɦ-wɑ le-ʌl-ʌkʰ
police suspect source everything say-CAUS take-PP-3.PST

'The police had the suspect tell everything.' (13.092)
d. तानाशाह िवरोिधअन के मारवा देला ।
tɑnɑsɑɦ birod ̤ iʌn ke mɑrwɑ delɑ

tɑnɑsɑɦ birod ̤ i-ʌn ke mɑr-wɑ de-lɑ
dictator opponent-PL ACC kill-CAUS give-3SG.PRES

'The dictator gets the opponents killed.' (13.093)
In this form, clause union is complete, and we can also define it as a total

lexical union (Noonan, 1985:75) or co-lexicalization of the "cause" and the "caused
event". This is therefore not, in a strict sense, an instance of complementation.

13.2 Adverbial subordinate clauses
As Thompson and Longacre (1985:200-1) describes, the clauses using

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