Page 609 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

exhibits cause and reason adverbial clauses, concessive adverbial clauses, additive
adverbial clauses, substitutive adverbial clauses and purpose adverbial clauses.

Participial adverbial clauses in Bhojpuri encode the sequential and simultaneous
temporal senses. The sequential adverbial clause indicates a temporal sequence in
clause chains whereas the simultaneous adverbial clause expresses an activity that is

simultaneous with or temporally overlapping with another activity expressed by the
matrix predicate.

Relative clauses in Bhojpuri include relativization of the grammatical relations
such as subject, direct object and indirect object as we observe cross-linguistically.

But Bhojpuri also exhibits oblique, possessive, instrument, source and locative cases
relativized. Clause chaining in Bhojpuri includes chains of same and different subjects

of the clauses. Coordinated or conjoined clauses in Bhojpuri exhibit conjunctive,
disjunctive and adversative relationships among the conjoined clauses. The concepts
of rejection and clausal coordination are also found to be conjoined in Bhojpuri.

The grammar of pronouns and grammatical agreement are the morphological devices to
encode referential coherence. Independent personal pronouns are used as arguments in a

clause whereas pronominal affixes are attached to the verbal complex. Personal pronouns
show three persons, two numbers, and three degrees of honorificity distinction.

The gender of the bound pronouns is incorporated into verbal morphology as
agreement affixes, also incorporating number and honorificity of the bound pronouns.

The third person pronouns also show proximal and distal distinction. Bhojpuri
pronouns include demonstrative, interrogative and indefinite which play a vital role in
referential coherence. The topic coding devices found in Bhojpuri discourse are zero

anaphora, unstressed anaphoric pronouns, stressed independent pronouns, R-
dislocation, neutral word order and L-dislocation, zero anaphors vs. R-dislocated

definite full-NPs, R-dislocated DEF-NPs, Y-moved NPs, cleft/focus constructions
and referential indefinite NPs.
Bhojpuri exploits some discourse-pragmatic strategies to mark the definiteness

of the referents. Bhojpuri does not possess the English like set of definite and
indefinite articles. However, indefinite pronominal adjective कौनो /kɔno/ ‘any/some’

and the numeral with classifier एगो /ek-ɡo/ 'one-CLASS' function as indefinite

reference marker in Bhojpuri. Definiteness, in contrast, is marked by the

demonstrative pronouns. Bhojpuri also employs contextual definiteness.

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