Page 608 - A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI _ PhD Dissertation 2020 TU

intonation contour. As in a number of languages, Bhojpuri exhibits characteristics of a
separate intonation contour for the dislocated NP, neutralizaion of the case-marking of

the topic NP, and an anaphoric pronoun resumption of the topic NP within the clause
in left-dislocation. Similarly, Bhojpuri exhibits afterthoughts and background
constructions through anaphoric pronoun, intonation break and neutralized case-

marking in right-dislocation as observed in left-dislocation. As in many languages
dative shifting is evident in Bhojpuri to make the dative the direct object. Raising may

or may not be found in other languages but Bhojpuri exhibits raising to object and
raising to subject for marked topic constructions.

The inclusive marker suffix -ओ /-o/ and the Hindi borrowing particle भी /b ̤ i/

function for the meaning 'also/too' in Bhojpuri. Besides them, -नू /-nu/ or -ऊ /-u/ or

clitic -ए /-e/ is also used to code a proposition which is contrary to expectation. The
individuative emphatic marker suffix -ए /-e/ and Hindi borrowed particle ही /ɦi/ 'only'

may also be employed to contrast a particular adverbial from other alternates. Besides
them Bhojpuri uses खाली /kɦɑli/, मा5 /mɑtrʌ/, केवल /kewʌl/ and the non-reflexive अपने

/ʌpne/ 'self' to mark individuity. Contrastive strength in Bhojpuri is marked with

contrastive stress devices, Y-movement and restrictive modifiers. Contrastive focus in
Bhojpuri is also marked by reference and topicality, assertion scope in terms of negation

and yes/no-questions and other devices like wh-questions and contrastive questions.
16.1.6 Coherent pragmatics

The complement clauses in Bhojpuri are in the form of complement-taking
PCU (Perception-Cognition-Utterance) predicates that include propositional attitude
predicates, commentative predicates, knowledge acquision predicates and immediate

perception predicates; complement-taking modality predicates including modal
predicates, achievement predicates, phasal predicates and desiderative predicates;

complement-taking manipulation predicates that include permissive predicates and
causative predicates. The subordinate adverbial clauses in Bhojpuri are either marked

through the subordinating morphemes attached to the dependent clause or through the
special non-finite verb forms. Temporal adverbial clauses in Bhojpuri include

precedence, subsequence, subsequence cum instrument, simultaneity, point
coincidence, accompanying circumstance, terminal boundary, initial boundary and
intermediacy. Bhojpuri conditional adverbial clauses are irrealis, counter-fact,

conditionals with intermediate value and concessive conditionals. Bhojpuri also

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